                      
     ..騪 "ணࠬ஢  몥 ᥬ IBM PC"


            1.    

⨢ . . ।⠢  (楫 ᥫ, ᨬ-
   .).  ।⠢ 設 .
    

            2.   .  .

 ᥬ (䨪஢, ᥫ, ப).   ।  (-
ਥ, , ४⨢).  ४⨢ ।  (DB, DW, DD),
 TYPE. ४⨢ EQU  =. ⥩訥 ⠭ (᫠, ᨬ,
 ⠭, 䬥᪨ )     ( ६,
⪨, 稪 ࠧ饭 $, 䬥᪨ )  ࠦ.  -
設⢮ () ஢.
    
         .

    2.1  A DB 82h
믨  ४⨢ DB,  ,   砫쭮 -
祭 ६ A ᠭ  筮 ᫮,   筮 -
 ᫮   筮  ᫮.

    2.2   ६ B ࠧ஬   ᫮  砫 -
 2^16.

    2.3  ६-᫮ C, 砫 祭 ன :
      )  ⮩  ६;
      )  ᫥饣 ᫮ .

    2.4  ᨢ D  5 ⮢  砫묨 祭ﬨ  -2  2.

    2.5 믨   ਠ  (஬ ,  㪠뢠 
㪢) ᠭ ᨬ쭮 ६ S    4  㪢 ᪮
䠢.

    2.6  ⮢ ᨢ X  101   ᫥騬 砫-
 祭ﬨ:
      )  50 ⮢  祭 10,  ᫥騥 20 ⮢ -
祭 '+', ⠫ -  砫쭮 祭;
      ) ।   祭 1,   ⠫ - 祭 0.

    2.7  ⮢  B ࠧ 30x50,   ப ன
 47 ⮢  祭 -1,  ᫥  - 祭 'q'.

    2.8  N EQU 10
   E ࠧ NxN  ⮢-᫮.

    2.9 ᯮ짮 室饩 ४⨢ EQU   ।  -
⪨ ਠ  ४⨢
         S DB "abcdefhg=abcdef+k"

    2.10  砫 祭 ⮢ ᨢ X  Y:
         A=10
         B=A
         C EQU A
         D EQU +A
         X DB A, B, C, D
         A=2*A
         Y DB A, B, C, D
    
    
            3.  .  .

 뫪 MOV  XCHG,  PTR.  ᮡ ᫮  -
⠭    ᥫ, ⠭ 䫠 CF, OF, ZF  ZF. -
 ᫮  ⠭  (ADD, SUB, INC, DEC, NEG, ADC, SBB).  
㬭   (MUL, IMUL, DIV, IDIV).  CBW  CWD.
    
         .

    3.1 ।,   ᫥騥 ⢥ত:
    ) ᫨ ࠭  ADD ஢   ᫠,  
䫠 SF  砥  ⮩  祭 1  ⮣  ⮫쪮 ⮣,  
 ᫠      ,   १  -  .
    ) ᫨ ࠭  SUB x,y     ᫠
 x<y,   ᫥ 믮 ⮩   䫠 OF  SF 易⥫쭮 
 ࠧ 祭 (OF<>SF).

    3.2 । 䫠 CF, OF  SF ᫥ 믮 
         ADD AL,BL
 ᫥ 室 祭 ॣ஢ AL  BL:
    ) AL=200,   BL=90
    ) AL=-100,  BL=30
    ) AL=-100,  BL=-90

    3.3  X DB 3 DUP(?)   ;X[0..2]
믨 ,  横᪨ ᤢ騥  ᨢ X    
:  (x0, x1, x2) ==> (x1, x2, x0).

    3.4  Y DD ?
믨 , ᢠ騥 ६ Y 祭  66000.  (ᯮ-
⥫ ६  ᯮ짮.)

    3.5  X DB ?
ॡ  ॣ CL  祭 ६ X,  㢥祭  2.
।,   ᫥  ࠣ⮢ ࠢ쭮 蠥  -
:
     ) MOV CL,X        ) MOV CL,X+2
        ADD CL,2

    3.6   ॣ BH 室  - 让 ⨭᪮ -
    ॡ    ॣ     ⨭᪮
㪢.  ।,    ᫥  ࠣ⮢  ࠢ쭮 蠥
 :
     ) SUB BH,'A'      ) ADD BH,'a'-'A'
        ADD BH,'a'

    3.7  A, X  Y -  ⮢ ६. ᫨
          Y = (A*X-12)^2 + (-A) div X
 ।,   ஬  ⥫ १ 㪫-
  ࠧ ᫮.

    3.8  D1, D2  N - ⮢ ६. ,  祭 D1 
D2 -  ᨬ-  ( "0"  "9"),    N  ᫮, 筠
 ண ⠢    (D1 -  ).

    3.9   H, M  S - ⮢ ६,   T - ६ ࠧ஬
  ᫮.  ,   砫 ⮪ 諮 H ᮢ (0<=H<24), M
  S ᥪ㭤 (0<=M,S<60),  ।, ᪮쪮 ᥣ ᥪ㭤 諮 
砫 ⮪  ⮬  ६. ⢥   T.

    3.10  T - ६ ࠧ஬   ᫮,  H, M  S - -
⮢ ६.  ,  諮 T ᥪ㭤 (0<=T<86400)  砫 -
⮪,  ।, ᪮쪮  ᮢ (H),  (M)  ᥪ㭤 (S) 諮
 ⮬  ६.

    3.11  X DD ?
          Y DD ?
          Z DD ?
          W DD ?,?
 ᫥騥 樨  "묨" ᫠:
    ) Z=X+Y (,  㬬 㪫뢠   ᫮):
    ) Z=X-Y ( X>=Y);
    ) W=X*Y ( X  Y 묨 ᫠).
                            
    
            4.  . .

᫮ 室 (, אַ  ᢥ),  SHORT. -
 ࠢ (CMP).  ᫮ 室 ().   ࠢ
横 (LOOP, LOOPE/LOOPZ, LOOPNE/LOOPNZ). ᯮ⥫ 樨 -
 ணࠬ  -뢮 (FINISH, INCH, ININT, FLUSH, OUTCH, OUTINT,
OUTWORD, OUTSTR, NEWLINE).
    
         .

    4.1  ॣ BL 室 ᫮  0  15.   BL  ᮮ-
饩 ⭠筮    ᨬ  ( ⢥ "㪢"
 ᯮ짮 訥 ⨭᪨ 㪢  'A'  'F').

    4.2  X DD ?
         Y DD ?
ᬠਢ 祭 X  Y    ᫠,  ॠ ᫮
室   LESS, ᫨ X<Y.

    4.3  Y - ६-᫮  祭  1  2100.  ।, -
   Y ᮪,   ॣ CL  1, ᫨ ,  0
 ⨢ 砥.
    ( "  ⨫"  ᮪묨  ,  4,  
 ,   100,  ᮪묨     400:  1700,
1800  1900 - ᮪, 2000 - ᮪).

    4.4  H, M  S - ⮢ ६, 祬 0<=H<24, 0<=M,S<60.  -
ᬠਢ H, M  S ᮮ⢥⢥  ᫮  ᮢ,   ᥪ㭤,
襤  ஬  ⮪, ᢮ ⨬ ६ 祭,
ᮮ⢥騥 ,  1 ᥪ㭤 襬. ( ᬥ ⮪.)

    4.5  M  D - ⮢ ६ (1<=M<=12  1<=D<=31).  ᬠਢ
祭  ६    ண  (  ᫮) -
᭮ ,    ६  ᫥饣 . ( ᬥ-
 .)

    4.6 P  Q - ⮢ ६, 祬 祭 P  
᫮,  祭 Q ண ⥫쭮.  ᬠਢ  ६ 
஡ (樮쭮 ᫮) P/Q,  ਢ  ஡   ᮪⨬ 
(ਬ, ஡ (-45)/30  ਢ   (-3)/2).

    4.7  N - ६-᫮ (N>=1),  K - ⮢ ६.  ।-
,   N ⥯ ᫠ 3  (1, 3, 9, 81, ...).  ᫨ ,
  K  ⥫ ⥯ (N=3^K),   -  -1.

    4.8  N  - ६-᫮  ⥫ 祭,  D  - ⮢
६.    D   ()   ( ᨬ) 
筮  ᫠ N.

    4.9  祭 ६-᫮ N   姭筮 ᫮  (
1000  9999).  ।,    筮  ⮣ ᫠ 
5. ᫨ ,  ॣ SI  1, ᫨  -  0.

    4.10  120 ᨬ  뢥   10 ᨬ  ப.

    4.11    ᫥⥫쭮 ᫥饣 :
             d1d2...dk.
 di -   0  9  k>=1.  ᫨ 祭  ⮩ ࠨ᪮
㬬  뢥 .

    4.12     ᫥⥫쭮  ᨬ  (஬ -
),  ன ᫥ 窠. ஢, ࠢ쭮  ᡠ஢ 
᫥⥫쭮  㣫 ᪮,  뤠 ⢥:  
 .

    4.13     ᫥⥫쭮  ᨬ  (஬ -
),  ன ᫥ 窠.  뢥   ᫥⥫쭮,  
譨 ஡, ..  ᪮쪨   ஡ ⠢ ⮫-
 .

    4.14        ᫥⥫쭮  ᫮ 
⨭᪨ 㪢,  祬 ᥤ ᫮ ⤥ ⮩,     ᫥
᫮ 㪠 窠.  ।, ᪮쪮 ᫮  ⮩ ᫥⥫쭮
稭  稢   ⮩  㪢,  뢥  ᫮.

    4.15 뢥 祭 ॣ BX   姭筮 ⭠-
筮  ᫠.

    4.16 ᯥ ⠡ 㬭 ( 筮 ⥬).
    

            5.  . .
䨪 ᮢ,  㥬 ᮢ.  ६
  ᠬ, ࠡ⪠ ᨢ.  LEA  XLAT. : ᠭ
⨯  ६,    .

         .

    5.1  X DB 400 DUP(?)
         Y DW 400 DUP(?)
 稭  室  ॣ BX, ⮡ ࠦ X[BX] -
।﫮   20-  浪  ᨢ X,  ᫨ 㬥 -
⮢ ⮣ ᨢ 稭:  0;  1;  10;  -10?
    ⢥     ᨢ Y  ࠦ Y[BX].

    5.2  Z DB 61 DUP(?)   ;Z[0..60]
  ॣ BX  室 稭 i,    ॣ DI  - 稭 j
(10<=i,j<=30).     ࠦ  ᫠  -
 ᨢ Z  ᠬ i, i-10, j+10, j+i-1, 42  0?

    5.3  X DB ?
         Y DW ?
।,   㪠  権  ⨬묨 -
  ᮢ ࠭ ,   -   祬.
    1) X[SI-1]       2) X[1-BX]       3) Y[DI]-2      4) 2-Y[DI]
    5) BX[AX]        6) AX[BX]        7) SI+2         8) X[BH]
    9) [X]          10) [5]          11) X[5]        12) 5[X]
   13) [Y-X]        14) Y-X[DI]      15) X-Y[BX]     16) X+Y[SI]
   17) X[BX]+2[SI]  18) X[SI]+2[DI]  19) [DI]X       20) Y[DI]

    5.4  X DW 10
 祭 ॣ஢ AX  BX ᫥ 믮 ᫥ :
         LEA BX,X
         MOV AX,[BX]
         LEA BX,[BX]

    5.5  X DB 50 DUP(?)  ;X[0..49]
  ॣ BX 室   ண  ᨢ X  (..
X+i,  i - ᫮  0  49). ॡ  ⮬  ॣ  -
 (i) ⮣ . ।,   ᫥ 㯯  -
쭮 蠥  :
    ) SUB BX,X    ) SUB BX,[X]    ) LEA AX,X    ) LEA BX,-X[BX]
                                       SUB BX,AX

    5.6   室騩 ᨢ , ᯮ  XLAT,  ᫥-
 :   ॣ DH 室 ᫮  2  19; ॡ -
 1  ॣ AL, ᫨ ᫮ DH ⮥,   0 .

    5.7  X DW 30 DUP(?)   ;᫠  
 ᫥騥 :
   )    ࢮ ⥫쭮  ᨢ X.
   ) 㫨 ᫥ ⥫  ᨢ X.
   ) ᫨  ன  ᨢ X  , ࠢ 1,   -
     45.

    5.8  N DW ?           ;0<=N<=9999
         S DB 4 DUP(?)    ;ᨬ쭠 ப
    )   S   N (ਬ: N=304 -> S='0304').
    )   .

    5.9  X DB 100 DUP(?)   ;X[0..99]
         Y DW 100 DUP(?)   ;Y[0..99]
 ᨢ X  Y  ࠢ: X[i]:=i, Y[i]=i.

    5.10  X DW 100 DUP(?)
।, ᪮쪮 ⮢ ᨢ X  ࠢ ᥤ  (।騩
 ᫥騩  ᮢ). ⢥   ॣ AL.

    5.11  Y DB 40 DUP(?)
᫨    ࠢ  ᨢ Y ᮢ,    ॣ AL -
 1,    0.

    5.12  K EQU 65
          X DB K DUP(?)
          Y DB K DUP(?)
 ᫮ ᨢ X  ᨢ Y  ᮣ᭮  ᫥饬  ࠢ:
 ⥫  ᨢ X    砫 ᨢ Y,   
⠫ -   Y (  浪).

    5.13 ஢  ࠢ⢮ ப S1  S2
          S1 DB 60 DUP(?)
          S2 DB 49 DUP(?)
 ᫮,  ஡  뢠,   ⢥ 1 (ࠢ)  0
 ॣ AL.

    5.13  X DB 500 DUP(?)
७   ᨢ X    㫥 ,  ࠭ 
ᯮ ⠫ ⮢.

    5.14  N EQU 10000
          S DB N DUP(?)
ᯮ  室騩 ᯮ⥫ ᨢ,  ࠧ ண   
  稭 N,  ।   ᬮ ᨬ쭮 ப S,
   ⨭᪨ 㪢   ᥣ 砥  ,    
 㪢 (, ᫨  ᪮쪮)  ॣ AL.

    5.16 ।,    45-⮢ ᨢ X    -
 ,   ⢥ 1 ()  0  ॣ AL.

    5.17  N EQU 50
          X DB N DUP(?)   ;᫠  
冷  ᨢ X  뢠   ⮤ "쪠".
    ( ⮬ ⮤  ᫥⥫쭮 ࠢ   ᥤ ⮢
(  , ன  쨬, ⨩  ⢥  ..) , ᫨ 
   㯮冷祭  (    ண),   -
⠢ ⠬;    殢 ᨬ    ᢮
 -   ᨢ.   ⢨ ,  㦥  
᫥ ,  ⥬ -    ᫥ ⮢    ..
ᨢ  㯮冷祭,  ᫨   । ᬮ   뫮 ᤥ 
 ⠭   ᫥ ࠧ ࠢ ᥣ  .)

    5.18  LW DB 150 DUP(12 DUP(?))
ᬠਢ LW   ᨢ  150 ᫮   12 ᨬ  ,  
᫥騥 :
   )  ⢮ ᨬ ᫮  ⮬ ᨢ. ⢥ -
  ॣ AL.
   )  ।,     ᨢ LW     ᫮,  
 ⢥ 1 ()  0  ॣ AL.

    5.19    ᨢ ⮪ ॠ ᫥騩  ਠ
몠 ᪠ (N - ⠭  ⥫ 祭,  X  Y - -
 ⮢ ६):
        case N/8 of
     1,4,5,7:  y:=-y;
         0,3:  x:=y div 3;
         2,6:  y:=abs(x)
        end

    5.20  DATA STRUC          ;
             D DB 1             ;᫮
             M DB ?             ; 
            WD DB 'ᥭ' ; 
          DATA ENDS
 ६  D1, D2, D3  D4  ⨯ DATA    ᫥騬 砫묨
祭ﬨ   ( ? 砥,      砫쭮
祭):
           D   M     WD
    D1:    5   1   ।
    D2:    1   5   ᥭ
    D3:    ?   ?     ?
    D4:    1   ?   ᥭ
४⨢, 뢠騥  ६,   ᨬ쭮 ⪨.

    5.21  TIME STRUC    ;६ -  ⮪
             H DB ?     ; ( 0  23)
             M DB ?     ; ( 0  59)
             S DB ?     ;ᥪ㭤 ( 0  59)
          TIME ENDS
             T TIME <>
            T1 TIME <>
᢮ ६ T1 ६,   1 ᥪ㭤 襥 ६  T.  (
ᬥ ⮪.)

    5.22  PERSON STRUC         ;ଠ  祫
             FAM DB 20 DUP(?)   ;䠬
             NAM DB 10 DUP(?)   ;
             AGE DB ?           ;
          PERSON ENDS
              GR PERSON 40 DUP(<>)      ;㯯 
               F DB "",12 DUP(" ")
               N DB 10 DUP(?)
 ᫥騥 :
   )  ॣ AL   ᠬ 襣   㯯 GR.
   ) ᫨ ।   㯯 GR   祫  䠬, 㪠 
६ F,  ⮣  ६ N   ⮣ 祫  (,
᫨  ᪮쪮).
   ) ᫨ ।  㯯 GR  ⥧ ( 묨 ), ⮣-
       ६ N.

    5.23  ᨬ ६ S  T:
        S DB 256 DUP(?)   ;S[0..255]
        T DB 80 DUP(?)    ;T[0..79]
ப  㤥 ।⠢ ࠬ ⨯ SUBSTR:
   SUBSTR STRUC
     ASTR DW ?  ;砫  ப,   室 ப
     INDX DB ?  ;  ப,  ண 稭 ப
     LENG DB ?  ; ப (᫮ ᨬ  )
(ਬ, ४⨢  X SUBSTR <T,59,20> 뢠 ப  ᫥
20 ᨬ ப T.)
      ப:
        A SUBSTR <>
        B SUBSTR <>
   믮 ணࠬ 稫  祭 (-
⠥,    祭 ४⭮  ப:  ப  室
 । ப  ..).
     ᫥騥 :
   ) ᫨  ப A 室 ஡,  ⮣ ᤥ 祭 ६-
 B ப  15 砫 ᨬ ப S.
   ) ᫨ ப A  B ࠢ (  ࠢ ᫠ ୮ ࠢ
ᨬ), ⮣  ॣ AL  1,   0.
    
    
            6.   .  .
᪨  (NOT, AND, TEST, OR, XOR), ᫥ ᪨ -
.  ᤢ (SHL, SHR, SAL, SAR, ROL, ROR, RCL,  RCR),  ஥
㬭     ⥯ .  , ਥ  -
ࠡ⪨. ⢠: ।⠢  樨. :  ᠭ  ⨯  
६,  WIDTH  MASM.

         .

    6.1   ᪨ ६ A  B 뤥  :
         A DB ?
         B DB ?
  ࠭ ᫥饥 ।⠢  ᪨ 祭: "" -
㫥 , "⨭" -  㫥 .   ⮬ ।-
⠢ ᫥騥 樨:
      ) A:=not A      ) A:=A and B     ) A:=A or B

    6.2  X  Y  -  ६-᫮, 祭  ᬠਢ 
᫠  .   ᯮ   㬭  ,  ॠ
᫥騥 ᫥:
      ) Y:=4*X - X div 8 + X mod 16
      ) Y:=35*X

    6.3  ᯮ  , 뢥 祭 ॣ AX  
4-筮 ⭠筮 ᫠.

    6.4   ᯮ  㬭,  ⭠筮 ᫮ 
   ॣ AX. ,  ᫮ ᠭ  訡, ᮤ-
  1  4  ("㪢"   묨 㪢),   -
묨 ᫥ ஡.

    6.5  X DD ?   ;᫮  
 ᫥ AL=sign(X), ..  ॣ AL   1  X>0,
 0  X=0   -1  X<0.

    6.6  X DW ?
 ⢮    ᫮ X. ⢥   AL.

    6.7  ॢ  ᮤন  ॣ  BH  (ਬ:  11001010b  ->
01010011b).

    6.8  TR RECORD A:3,B:2,C:3
          R TR <>
 ᫥騥 樨 (  -  ६ R):
    )  A ᢮ 祭  C;
    )  ⠬ 祭  A  C;
    ) ३   EQ, ᫨ 祭  A  B ࠢ.

    6.9  DATE1 STRUC    ;   
            D1 DB ?     ; ( 1  31)
            M1 DB ?     ;  ( 1  12)
            Y1 DB ?     ; ( ᫥  -  0  99)
         DATE1 ENDS
         DATE2 RECORD D2:5, M2:4, Y2:7   ;   
           DT1 DATE1 <>
           DT2 DATE2 <>
 ᫥騥 :
    ) ஢  ࠢ⢮  DT1  DT2    ॣ AL -
祭 1, ᫨  ࠢ,  祭 0 .
    ) ६ DT2 ᢮ ,  祭 DT1.
    ) ६ DT1 ᢮ ,  祭 DT2.

    6.10 DATE RECORD D:5, M:4, Y:7  ;  ଠ
                                ;"-- ( ᫥ )"
        DATE1 RECORD Y1:5, M1:4, D1:7  ;  ଠ "--"
            A DATE <>
            B DATE <>
           A1 DATE1 <>
 ᫥騥 :
    ) 뢥  A   dd.mm.yy (ਬ: 14.6.90).
    ) ।,  ।    A   B,     ⢥ 1
(।)  0  ॣ AL.
    ) ᢮ ६ A1   ,  ᠭ  ६ A.

    6.11  ᫮ ⠭ L  R (L<R)  ६
         M DB (L-R)/8+1 DUP(?)
         S DB (L-R)/8+1 DUP(?)
         X DW ?    ;L<=X<=K
ᬠਢ M  S   ⢠  楫 ᥫ   १ [L,R],  
᫥騥 :
    )  ⢠ M 㤠  , 室騥  ⢮ S.
    )  ⢮ M   X.
    )  ⢠ M 㤠  X.
    ) ।, ᪮쪮 ⮢ 室  ⢮ M. ⢥ 
 ॣ AL.
    ) 뢥  ᫠, 室騥  ⢮ M.
    ) । ࠢ    SUBSET,  ᫨  ⢮ S  
⢮ ⢠ M.

    6.12   ᨢ X[0..511],  ⠬ ண  ᫠  0
 3,  । 設 ।⠢,      室
,  ॠ ᫥騥 樨:
    ) ३   LESS, ᫨ X[6]<X[197]
    ) X[i]:=X[45],  i - 祭 ॣ SI  0<=i<=255.
    )  ᨢ X 横᪨ ᤢ    .
    
    
            7.   .
஢ ᮢ  , ᮣ襭  ᥣ ॣ. ணࠬ-
  ᥣ.    OFFSET   SEG,  ६. ४⨢
ASSUME. 砫쭠 㧪 ᥣ ॣ஢.   ணࠬ  
몥 ᥬ. ४⨢ INCLUDE.

         .

    7.1  ABS DD ?
        PAIR DD ?
祭  ६ ABS ࠪ  20-ࠧ來 ᮫  -
ன 祩 ,   祭 ६ PAIR  -     ⮩ 
祩,     ᭮  ᥣ:ᬥ饭 (seg:ofs), -
祬  ᨫ "ॢ⮣" ।⠢  ᫮     ofs
室  ࢮ ᫮ ⮩ ६,   seg -  ஬.
     ᯮ  㬭  ,  ᫥騥 :
     ) ८ࠧ ᮫  ABS    PAIR;
     ) ८ࠧ   PAIR  ᮫  ABS;
     ) ଠ   PAIR,  .. ८ࠧ    ,
 ᬥ饭 ofs  ॢ室 15 (0Fh); ਬ,  4567h:1112h 
ਢ   4678h:2h.

    7.2   ES=4208h, BX=0FFF0h  OFFSET X=28Ah.  ᫨ ᮫
 ண ࠭   ᫥ .
     ) MOV AX,ES:15h
     ) CMP BX,ES:X
     ) ADD CX,ES:[BX]
     ) XOR DX,ES:X[BX+15h]

    7.3  CS=1111h, DS=2222h, SS=3333h, BX=8000h, BP=8000h, SI=9003h.
।,   ᥣ ॣ ࠧ㬥  㬮砭  -
  ᫥ ,    ᫨ ᮫   ࢮ ࠭
 .
     ) SUB [BX],CL
     ) MOV [BP+2],DX
     ) JMP WORD PTR [BX+SI]
     ) JMP WORD PTR [BP+SI-4]

    7.4  ६ D ᠭ  ᥣ D1,  ६ E -   ᥣ-
 E1,  ६ S -  ᥣ S1.   ᫥ ࠭ 
 ᫥  ।,   䨪ᮢ (DS:, ES:  SS:) -
 ᥬ  ࠭樨 ⮣ ࠭,   ।, ࠭ 
ᥬ  䨪  ନ஢ ᮮ⢥饩 設 .
        ASSUME DS:D1, ES:E1, SS:S1
        MOV AX,D
        MOV AX,E
        MOV AX,S
        ADD AX,D[BX]
        ADD AX,E[SI]
        ADD AX,S[BX+DI]
        CMP AX,D[BP]
        CMP AX,E[BP+2]
        CMP AX,S[BP+DI]
        INC BYTE PTR [DI]
        INC WORD PTR [SI+BP-1]

    7.5  C SEGMENT
           ASSUME CS:C
         X DW 1
      BEG: MOV AX,Y
           ADD AX,X
            ...
         Y DW 2
         C ENDS
 ࠭樨  MOV ᥬ 䨪 訡, ⮣  ࠭-
  ADD  ன  訡.   祬 ࠧ    ⨬ 
ﬨ?  ࠢ 訡   MOV?

    7.6  INCLUDE IO.ASM
       S SEGMENT STACK
         DB 128 DUP(?)
       S ENDS
      D1 SEGMENT
       X DW 20000 DUP(?)
      D1 ENDS
      D2 SEGMENT
       Y DW 20000 DUP(?)
      D2 ENDS
       C SEGMENT
         ASSUME ...   ;४⨢   ᫮ 
    BEG:  ...         ; ᨢ X  Y
          ...
       (*)
         OUTINT AX    ;뢮 ⢥
         FINISH
       C ENDS
         END BEG
⠢   ணࠬ  (*) ,  ஢  ࠢ-
⢮ ᨢ X  Y   뢠 ⢥ (1 - ࠢ, 0 -  ࠢ)  ॣ
AX. ।,       祭 ᥣ ॣ஢ 
।    ⮩ ணࠬ  ᫥ ४⨢ ASSUME (-
 ⠪ ४⨢ ,   ):
      ) ASSUME CS:C, DS:D1, ES:D2
      ) ASSUME CS:C, DS:D1
      ) ASSUME CS:C

    7.7    ᥣ A ᠭ ᨢ X,  ᥣ B - ᨢ Y,  
ᥣ C - ᨢ Z,  祬     ᨢ  ⮨  45000
 ᥫ-⮢. 믨 ࠣ ணࠬ,  ஬  -
⥫  ᨢ X ७  砫 ᨢ Y,    ⠫-
  -  砫 ᨢ Z,  ।,   ⮣ ࠣ-
 㪠 ४⨢ ASSUME,   ன ᥣ A ⠢  ᮮ⢥-
 ॣ DS,    ॣ 㦥 ⠭  砫 ᥣ A.

    7.8 ॡ   ॣ AX ᫮   祩  ᮫-
 ᮬ 20A75h. ।,   ᫥ 㯯  ࠢ쭮
  :
     ) MOV BX,20A75h      ) MOV BX,20A7h       ) MOV ES,20A7h
        MOV AX,[BX]           MOV AX,[BX+5]         MOV AX,ES:5

     ) MOV AX,20A7h       ) MOV AX,20A7h       ) MOV AX,20A7h
        MOV ES,AX             MOV DS,AX             MOV DS,AX
        MOV AX,ES:5           MOV AX,5              MOV BX,5
                                                    MOV AX,[BX]

    7.9  믨 ࠣ ணࠬ,  ஬ ।, ᪮쪮 -
 ⮢ । 300 ⮢,  稭  ᮫⭮  3FFF8h,
 ⢥ 뢠  ॣ AX.

    7.10   ணࠬ  襭 ᫥饩 .
    )  ⮩ ⥪   ᨬ (஬ 窨),   
᫥ 窠,    뢥  ⥪, 㤠   譨 ஡  (
  ஡ ⠢ ⮫쪮 ).
    )  ⥪  50 ᨬ  ।, ᨬ祭  .  -
⢥ ⢥ 뢥 "ᨬ祭"  " ᨬ祭".
    )  ⥪  100 () ᨬ     让 ⨭-
 㪢 ।, ᪮쪮 ࠧ  室   ⥪.
    )  45 ࠧ  ᥫ   㬬 ᥫ   -
ᨬ     ᥫ.
    )  ,   ଠ
          <筮 ᫮>/<  ਬ᪨ ࠬ>
(ਬ: 5/XII, 12/IV),  뢥   ଠ
          <筮 ᫮> < >
(ਬ: 5 , 12 ५).
    
    
            8.  .
  ⥪,  ॣ  SS    SP. ⥪  (PUSH, POP, PUSHF,
POPF). ਥ ࠡ  ⥪.  BP    ⠬ ⥪.

         .

    8.1  X  Y  - ६ ࠧ஬   ᫮.  믨 ,
 뫠 祭 X  Y १ ⥪, .. 믮 ᢠ
Y:=X.

    8.2  ।,   祭   室     ᮬ
SS:SP     ᮬ SS:(SP+1) ᫥ 믮 
         MOV AX,0102h
         PUSH AX

    8.3  ᫨  ᥣ ⥪ ⢥ 200 ⮢  ⥪饥 祭 -
 SP ࠢ 150,  ᪮쪮 ᥩ ᫮ ᠭ  ⥪?

    8.4  ᥣ ⥪ ⢥ 256 ⮢.  믨  㯯  ,
뢠  ⥪ ᮤন ॣ DX,   ⮫쪮 ᫨ ⥪  
(  ⥪  । ࠢ   ERR1),    㯯 ,
뢠  ॣ DX  ᫮  設 ⥪,   ⮫쪮 ᫨ ⥪ 
 ( ⮬ ⥪ । ࠢ   ERR2).

    8.5 믨 ࠣ ணࠬ,  ஬   ᫥-
⥫쭮 㫥 ᥫ, 稢 㫥,   ᫠ 뢮
 ⭮ 浪,   ⮫쪮 ᫨ ।   ⥫ ᥫ  (
⨢ 砥 祣  뢮). 室 祭 ॣ SP -
  ࠭.

    8.6  ⥪ ᠭ 40 ᫮.  ।, ᪮쪮    㫥,  
 ⢥  ॣ AL.

    8.7   ⥪ ᠭ 49 ⮢. ।,   ।   
 . ⢥ 1 ()  0   ॣ AL.

    8.8   ᥣ ⥪ ⢥ 200 ᫮    ᥣ -
 ᠭ ᨢ X  200 ᫮. ஢  砫 ⮣ ᨢ ⥪-
饥 ᮤন ⥪  ("孥" ᫮ ⥪    ᠭ   -
砫  ᨢ),   ﬨ ⠢  ᨢ. -
祭 ॣ஢ SP  BP   ࠭.

    8.9   ᥣ ⥪ ⢥ 30 ᫮. ஢ ⥪饥 ᮤন-
 ⥪    ,  稭   ᮫⭮   3B128h.
祭 ॣ஢ DS, ES, SS, SP  BP   ࠭.

    8.10   ⥪ ᠭ 14 ᫮,     -   (ᬥ-
) ண   ᥣ . 㫨   .

    8.11 믨 ணࠬ  襭 ᫥饩 .
    )    ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ, ।⠢ ᮡ
( 訡)  ᫥饣 :
    <㫠> ::= <> | (<㫠> <> <㫠>)
    <> ::= + | -
    <> ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
᫨ 祭 ⮩ . (ਬ: ((5-2)+7) --> 10)
    )    ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ, ।⠢ ᮡ
( 訡)  ᫥饣 :
  <㫠> ::= <> | M(<㫠>,<㫠>) | m(<㫠>,<㫠>)
  <> ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
 M ࠪ  max (ᨬ),  m -  min ().
    ᫨ 祭 ⮩ . (ਬ: M(2,m(5,7)) --> 5)
    
    
            9.  .
쭨 ᫮ 室. ᠭ 楤,  CALL  RET.  -
।  ࠬ஢ ( 祭   ) १ ॣ. । -
ࠬ஢ १ ⥪, "室"  "室" ⢨ 楤. 
 楤.  ४ᨢ 楤.
    
         .

    9.1  ணࠬ,   4 ⥫ ᫠  ।-
  訩 騩 ⥫.
     ணࠬ    ᯮ짮  楤 宦 襣
饣 ⥫  ᥫ  ( ᫠-ࠬ । १ ॣ-
)  ᫮, :
       )  ணࠬ   ⮫쪮  ᥣ ,
       ) 楤   ᠭ  ⤥쭮 ᥣ .

    9.2  ᯮ  権  ⮫쪮  INCH,  -
 INBYTE,     筮 ᫮  0  255  (᫮ 
 訡,   ᫥ ஡)  ᢠ  ⮢ ६,
 (ᬥ饭  ᥣ ) ன । 楤 १ -
 BX.

    9.3   楤 NEGATIVE,  ன १ ॣ BX ।
 ன ६ ( ᥣ )  ࠧ஬   ᫮
    祭  ⨢ ( ).
    ᯮ  楤, 믨 ࠣ ணࠬ,  ஬ -
   ६ X, Y  Z,  ࠧ  ᫮.

    9.4  DATE STRUC     ;⨯ ""
            D DB ?       ;
            M DB ?       ;
            Y DW ?       ;
         DATE ENDS
 楤 LESS,  ࠢ   ⨯ DATE,  -
   । १ ॣ SI,   ன - १ DI,  
 頥 १ ॣ AL ᢮ ⢥: 1, ᫨ ࢠ  ।-
 ன,  0 .

    9.5  楤 OUTARR, ⢫ 뢮 ⮢ ᨢ,
祩 砫  । १ ॣ BX,  ⢮ ⮢ -
१ ॣ CX.  ᯮ  楤,  믨  ࠣ ணࠬ
 襭 ᫥饩 : ᫨ ᫥  60-⮢ ᨢ
A ࠢ ।  101-⮢ ᨢ B, ⮣  뢥  ᨢ
A,  뢥 ᨢ B.

    9.6   室 楤  , ᯮ , 믨 ࠣ
ணࠬ  襭 ᫥饩 .
     ᨢ X[0..59], Y[0..22]  Z[0..89]   ᥫ-᫮.
ॡ    ᨬ  ᨢ X   ᫥ 
ᨢ Y       ᨢ Z,  ।騥  -
쭮 ,  ᨬ  ᨢ Z. (,   -
 ᨢ ⮫쪮  ᨬ .)

    9.7   楤 F(X,N,P),  뢠 ⢮ ⮢
ᨢ X  N ᫮, ࠢ  P,   ᫮,   X ।
१ ॣ BX,  ᫮  N - १ CX,  ᫮ P - १ AL,   १
楤 頥 १ ॣ AL.
    ᯮ짮  楤  ᫥
         K:=F(A,70,F(B,30,K))
 A - ᨢ  70 ᫮, B - ᨢ  30 ᫮,  K - ⮢ ६-
.

    9.8    楤 SIGN,   ।   ᢮
ࠬ (뤠 1  ⥫쭮 ࠬ,  0  㫥   -1 
⥫쭮),  ᫮,  १ 楤 頥 १ -
 AL,  ࠬ  । ( 祭) १ ⥪.
    楤    ਠ:
        ) ࠧ ࠬ - ᫮,
        ) ࠧ ࠬ - .

    9.9    楤 SETABS,  ன १ ⥪ ।
 (ᬥ饭  ᥣ ) ன  ⮢ ६
    祭  ᮫ 稭.
    ᯮ짮  楤   襭 ᫥饩 :  A    B  -
 ⮢ ६;   A>B      ᮫ 稭
祭 ६ B,  - ६ A.

    9.10   楤 ZERO  20 ࠬ஢,  ।-
 १ ⥪       ।⠢ ᮡ   ன
⮢ ६ ( ᥣ ). 楤  㫨  
 ६, 祭  ⥫.

    9.11    楤,  ।,    -
 ⮢ ᨢ    ࠢ ,   ᫮,  -
 (砫  ᨢ  ᫮ ⮢  )  । १
⥪.
    ᯮ짮  楤  襭 ᫥饩 :  ᫨  -
ᨢ X   400 ⮢   騥 ,    ᨢ Y   60
⮢   ࠧ, ⮣  ॣ AL  1,    -
 0.

    9.12  ᯮ   権 뢮  ⮫쪮   OUTCH,  
 楤 OUTW,   뢮  筮    -
 㫥  ᫮ ࠧ஬  ᫮, । 楤:
         ) १ ॣ AX,
         ) १ ⥪.
    楤  뤥   ᫠ ࠢ   -
 ࠭   ᨢ,    ⢮  ⥪.

    9.13    楤,      ᬮ 
⮢ ᨢ  横᪨ ᤢ     ᫮ -
権 ।,   ᫮,   ࠬ  楤 (ᯮᮡ ।
ࠬ஢  - १ ॣ   ⥪ -   ᠬ).   ᢮ ࠡ
楤   ᯮ짮  ᯮ⥫ ᨢ,  ⢥  
  ⥪.
    ᯮ짮   楤   襭  ᫥饩 :  
300-⮢ ᨢ X 横᪨ ᤢ  40 権 ।,   -
 80-⮢ ᨢ Y -  15 権.

    9.14     ⮢ ६ A  B 뢥 ப 
             <>:<ᮤন>
 <>  -    (ᬥ饭  ᥣ ) ६   
姭筮 ⭠筮 ᫠,  <ᮤন> - 祭 -
   㧭筮 ⭠筮 ᫠ (ਬ: 01A8:F5).
     襭 ⮩    ᯮ짮 ᫥騥 楤:
      - 뢮 ᫠  0  15  ⭠筮 ,
      - 뢮     ⭠ ,
      - 뢮 ப 㪠    ६.

    9.15  ணࠬ,   横  ਪ 㪠 
⨯    믮 . (,  ਪ   訡.)
     ਪ:
  S seg:ofs.    -   ⭠筮  (4 )  ᫮,
                  ᮫  ண  । ன seg:ofs
                  ( ᥣ : ᬥ饭);
  L seg:ofs=w.  -  ᫮ , ᮫  ண  ன
                  seg:ofs,   祭 w;
  E.            -  ࠡ ணࠬ.
     seg, ofs  w - ⭠ ᫠ ( 1  4 ), 祬
"㪢"    ᠭ  訬 ( A  F), ⠪  -
묨 ( a  f) ⨭᪨ 㪢.

    9.16     ᫥⥫쭮 ⥫ ᥫ,  -
ன ᫥ 0.    ४ᨢ 楤 REVERSE,   
 ᫠  뢮  ( 0)  ⭮ 浪.

    9.17   ४ᨢ 楤 C,   -
樥 C(m,n),  0<=m<=n,  ᫥饩 㫥:
                  | 1                      m=0  m=n
        C(m,n) = {
                  | C(m,n-1)+C(m-1,n-1)    0<m<n
    ࠬ n  m । 楤 १ ॣ AH  AL ᮮ⢥-
⢥,  ᢮ ⢥  頥 १ ॣ BX.

    9.18   ४ᨢ 楤 MM,   ᫥⥫-
 ᨬ, ।⠢ ᮡ ࠢ   ᫥饣
:
       <㫠> ::= <> | M(<㫠>,<㫠>) |
                     m(<㫠>,<㫠>)
       <> ::=  0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
(M ࠪ  ᨬ (max),  m -   (min)),    -
 祭 ⮩  ( ᫮)  ᢠ  ॣ AL.

    9.19   ணࠬ,   ⥪ 
              <㫠> = <㫠>

       <㫠> ::= <> | (<㫠> <> <㫠>)
       <> ::=  0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
       <> ::= + | -
  ।, ࠢ  祭  㪠 ,  ⠥
⢥   .
     ணࠬ    ᯮ짮  ४ᨢ  楤,  
   祭  .

    9.20  楤 SELFCOPY  ࠬ஢, ⢨ ன -
砥  ⮬,     ᠬ ᥡ ( ⭮騥   設-
 )   , 稭  ᮫⭮  12345h.
    
    
            10.    .
 ࠢ DF,  STD  CLD. ப    (CMPS,  SCAS,
MOVS,  LODS,  STOS). 䨪 ७.  LDS  LES. ப -
 : ।⠢  樨. ᪨: ।⠢  樨;
࣠ , ॠ 楤 NEW  DISPOSE.
    
         .

    10.1  S DB 100 DUP(?)
ᬠਢ S  100-ᨬ ப 䨪஢ , ࠧ饭
 ᥣ ,  砫 ண 㦥 ⠭ ॣ DS  ES, 
ᯮ ப ,  믨  ࠣ ணࠬ    襭
᫥ .
    ) , ᪮쪨 ஡ 稢 ப S; ⢥ -
  ॣ AL.
    ) ।  ( 㬥樨 ᮢ  1)  ࢮ 宦
㪢 'Q'  ப S     ॣ DI;  ᫨  㪢  -
  S,   DI  0.
    )   ॣ BH ᫮ 宦 ᨬ '*'  ப S.
    )  ப S   ஡  .
    ) ᪨ ᤢ  ப S   樨 .
    ) ᫨   ࠢ  ப S  ࠢ,   -
  ࠢ.
    )  ப S  訥 ⨭᪨ 㪢  ᮮ⢥騥 -
.

    10.2  S DB 256 DUP(?)   ;(S)<=255
          T DB 101 DUP(?)   ;(T)<=100
ᬠਢ S  T  ᨬ ப ६  ( ⥪饩 -
   砫쭮 ),  ࠧ饭   ᥣ ,   砫
ண 㦥 ⠭ ॣ DS  ES,  ᯮ ப ,
믨 ࠣ ணࠬ  襭 ᫥ .
    )  祭 S ப  50 ஡.
    )   ஡   ப S.
    )   ஡  砫 ப S.
    )   ப S  ஡.
    ) ᫨  ப S  10  40 ᨬ,  㤢  10- ᨬ.
    )   ப S  ᨬ ப T, ᨢ 譨 (256-
 ᫥騥) ᨬ, ᫨ ⠪ .
    ) ࠢ ப S  T; ᫨  ࠢ,  ॣ AL  1, 
ࠢ -  0.
    ) ।,   ப T ப ப S; ⢥ 1 (-
)  0   ॣ AL.

    10.3  楤 DELDIG, 㤠    ப ६-
   ( ⥪饩   砫쭮 ),  ᮫  砫
ன    seg:ofs । १ ⥪, 祬  seg -
ᠭ  ⥪ ࢮ. (: ᯮ짮  LDS  LES.)

    10.4  ,  㦥 ᠭ ⠭ NIL, ⨯ NODE  楤 NEW
 DISPOSE,   ॣ ES 㦥 ⠭  砫 ᥣ    
ᥣ  ᠭ ६-᫮ LIST, 祭 ன ࠪ-
  뫪  ᯨ᮪   ᥫ-᫮,  믨 ࠣ ண-
ࠬ  襭 ᫥ .
    ) । ⢮ 㫥 ⮢  ᯨ᪥ LIST    
⢥  ॣ AX.
    ) ᫨  ᯨ᪥ LIST    ⮢,   㫨  ।-
᫥ . (:  ࠭   䨪, ਬ
BX  SI,  ⥪饣  ।饣 쥢 ᯨ᪠.)
    ) ந ᯨ᮪ LIST  50 ⮢  - ᥫ  1  50.  (-
: ᯨ᮪ ந  .)
    )  ᯨ᮪ LIST ⠢ 㫥  ᫥ ࢮ ⥫쭮-
 .
    )  ᯨ᮪ LIST ⠢ 㫥   ।  ⥫
⮬.
    )   ᯨ᪠ LIST  㫥 .
    ) ७   ⮣ ᯨ᪠ LIST   ᯨ᪠.
    ) ७ ᫥  ⮣ ᯨ᪠ LIST  砫 ᯨ᪠.
    ) ⮦ ᯨ᮪ LIST,  ᢮ ,   ﬨ,
 ᢮ ६ LIST 祭 NIL.
    )   ᫥⥫쭮 ⥫ ᥫ,  ன
᫥ 0,  ।, ᪮쪮 ࠧ  ⮩ ᫥⥫쭮 -
  ᨬ , ᠢ ⢥  ॣ AX (ᯨ᮪, ᮧ
 襭 ⮩ ,   㭨⮦).
    ) ।,     ᯨ᪥ LIST    ࠢ ,  
 ⢥ 1 ()  0  ॣ AL.

    10.5  । (queue) 뢠 ᫥⥫쭮 ⮢,  -
ன    㤠 ⮢  ந  ᮣ᭮ ᫥饬
ࠢ:     ᥣ    ।,    
। ᥣ 㤠  砫 .  (ਬ ।  
  .)
    ।  ।⠢   ᯨ᪠,   ஬  ᯮ-
   浪  㯫  ।.   ⮬  ⥫쭮 ࠭
 뫪  砫 ⮣ ᯨ᪠ (  㤠  -
), ⠪  뫪  ᫥  ᯨ᪠ (    -
 ).     뫪,   ,    ⭠  
।, ⮬ ଠ쭮 ।  ᬠਢ   ᫥-
饣 ⨯:
       QUEUE STRUC
        FIRST DW NIL   ;뫪  砫 ।
         LAST DW ?     ;뫪   ।
       QUEUE ENDS
( ⮩ ।   FIRST ࠢ NIL,    LAST    ).
  । -    () ६--
 ( ᥣ ) ⨯ QUEUE.
    ,    ணࠬ ᯮ ᪮쪮 ।  ⮢
ࠧ஬  ᫮   㦥 ।  ।⢠  ࠡ  ᯨ᪠
(. ।饥 ࠦ),     楤  ᫥騥 ⢨
 । (  । १ ॣ BX):
    - ஢,   ।;  ⢥ 1 ()  0 ( ) -
 १ 䫠  ZF;
    -  । (ᤥ  ⮩, ᢮ ,  
⠬);
    -   ।  ,   ॣ AX;
    - 㤠  ।       ॣ AX (᫨
। , ᮮ  訡  ४ 믮 ணࠬ).
    ᯮ  楤,  ᫥ :   -
᫥⥫쭮 ⥫ ᥫ,  ன ᫥ 0,  뢥 
᫠  ᫥饬 浪: ᭠砫  ᫠ 稭  100  300, -
⥬  ᫠  100   ,  ⮫쪮 ᫨ 뫮    -
  100,  ⠫ ᫠ (     㯯 ࠭
室  冷 ᥫ).
    
    
            11.  .
ண  ⠯ ண樨.  ७ (REPT, IPR, IPRC).
ம  (&, <>, !, %, ;;).  : மᠭ, ப,
ய⠭  ७;  ⫨稥 ᮢ  楤; ४-
⨢ LOCAL,  EXITM  PURGE. ᫮ ᥬ஢: IF-, ४⨢
IF  IFE, IFIDN  IFDIF, IFB  IFNB.  ⭮襭 (EQ, NE, LT, LE,
GT, GE)  ᪨  (NOT, AND, OR, XOR).

         .

    11.1     室饣  ७  襭 ᫥-
饩 :
    )   ॣ AH 㬬 ᥫ  ॣ஢ AL, BL, CL  DH;
    ) 㫨 ६ A, B  C ࠧ஬   ᫮;
    ) ᯮ  権 뢮 ⮫쪮  OUTCH, 뢥 ( -
窠) ⥪ "A+B=B+A";
    ) १ࢨ஢  (  ४⨢ DB)        40
⮢,  ᢮   ⢥ 砫 祭  40  -
ᥫ (1, 3, 5, ..., 79).

    11.2  믨 ⥪ ⥫쭮 ணࠬ,  ந -
  ᫥饬 ࠣ 室 ணࠬ:

 ) IRP C,<INC A,JE L>    ) IRP W,<SW,< A,2>>    ) N EQU 5
     C                        MOV&W                   IRP OP,<N,%N,N%N>
    ENDM                     ENDM                      ADD AX,OP
                                                      ENDM

 ) IRP C,<K,LL,M>     ) IRP T,<AB,C>        ) IRPC CH,<! %">
   C EQU C&C&CC            IRPC U,T               ADD AL,'&CH' ; CH
     DB 'C&C&CC'            DW U,T&U,T&&U        ENDM
    ENDM                   ENDM
                            DW U,T&U
                          ENDM

    11.3    㪠 ᮢ 㪠 樨  -
 ᫮ (X,Y  Z - ६ ⨯ dword, L - ⪠):
    DMOV X,Y   :  X:=Y
    DADD X,Y,Z :  X:=Y+Z
    DSUB X,Y,Z :  X:=Y-Z
    DJNE X,Y,L :   X<>Y ३  L

    11.4    ணࠬ,     ᫠ H, M  S  
஢, 㤮⢮   ᫥騬 ᫮: 0<=H<=23, 0<=M,S<=59.
᫨ , ணࠬ  뤠 ᮮ饭  訡,   ,  ࠪ
 ᫠   (H),  (M)  ᥪ㭤 (M) ண  ⮪,
  ६ ⮪,   1 ᥪ㭤 襥  ( ⮬ ᬥ -
⮪).
    ।  ᯮ짮  ⮩ ணࠬ  ,   -
 ஢ ᫮ a<=X<=b,  㣮 - 㢥稢 X  1 , ᫨ X>b,
 X.

    11.5      DEF X,T,N,V  । ᨢ X   N
稭 V, ⨯   ࠬ஬ T:   T=B  ⨯ BYTE,  
T=W - ⨯ WORD,  T=D - ⨯ DWORD.
    믨 ⥪,   ந ண   ᫥饬 ࠣ-
 室 ணࠬ:
     K EQU 4
       DEF CH,B,10,'*'
       DEF W,W,K+1,<TYPE CH>
       DEF ,D,%K+1,%(TYPE W)
       DEF A,B,1,<1,2,3>

    11.6     㪠  㪠 ⢨  -
묨 ᫠ ࠧ஬  :
    ) ABS R,X :   R:=abs(X),  R - ॣ, X - ६;
    ) SUM X,N :   AX:=㬬 ⮢ ᨢ X  N ⮢ (N>0);
    ) MAX X,N :   AL:=ᨬ ⮢ ᨢ X  N ⮢ (N>0).

    11.7       㪠 ,  ।,  
   ( ⢥ ᯮ⥫쭮  ᯮ짮 ॣ BX):
    ) PUSH X  (X - ६ ࠧ஬  ᫮);
    ) POP X   (X - ६ ࠧ஬  ᫮);
    ) CALL P  (P -   楤);
    ) RET N   ( );
    ) LOOP L  (L - ⪠);
    ) REPE command (command -  ப ).

    11.8     MAX2 M,X,Y ᫥ M=max(X,Y)   
᭮   MAX3 M,X,Y,Z  ᫥ M=max(X,Y,Z),  M, X,
Y  Z -  ⮢ ६.
    믨 ७  ப MAX3 A,<BYTE PTR B>,C.

    11.9      SHIFT X,K  (X -  ⮢ ६,
K -   ᫮)  ᤢ 祭 X   |K| ࠧ冷  ࠢ  (
K>0)   ( K<0).
    믨 ७  ப SHIFT A,-1  SHIFT B,5.

    11.10     IF0 X,L (X - ६ ࠧ஬  ,
᫮   ᫮, L - ⪠) 室   L  ⮬ 砥, -
 祭 ६ X ࠢ 0.
    믨 ७  ப IF0 B,L1  IF0 D,L2   -
,  B - ६ ⨯ BYTE,  D - ⨯ DWORD.

    11.11      SGN X (X -  ६ ࠧ஬
 , ᫮   ᫮)    뫪  ॣ AL  ᫠ 1
 X>0, ᫠ 0  X=0  ᫠ -1  X<0.
    믨 ७  ப  SGN W  SGN D   ᫮,
 W - ६ ࠧ஢  ᫮,  D - ࠧ஬   ᫮.

    11.12     NULL X,N,T (X -  ᨢ  N ⮢,
N - ⥫쭮 楫 ᫮, T - ᫮ FIRST  LAST) ᢠ -
   砫쭮 ( T=FIRST),   ᫥ ( T=LAST) 
ᨢ X.
    믨 ७  ப NULL A,100,LAST.

    11.13      VAR X,EQ,V । ⮢ ६-
   X  砫 祭 V,   ᫨ ᫥ ࠬ  -
 -  砫쭮 祭 (ࠬ EQ 䨪⨢).
    믨 ७  ப:
  ) VAR A = '*'    ) VAR B : <10 DUP(?)>    ) VAR C     ) VAR

    11.14     OUTF  ࠬ஢ 뢮 ⥪ -
 䫠 CF, OF, SF  ZF   ⢥ન  0  1, 祬 祭 
䫠  ᯮ㥬 ᮬ ॣ஢   ࠭.
    ᯮ짮  PUSHF  POPF.   ॣ 䫠 Flags 㪠-
 䫠 ᮮ⢥   ᫥騬 ࠬ  (㬥 ⮢
ࠢ   0): CF - 0, OF - 11, SF - 7, ZF - 6.

    11.15      NULL RS  (RS -  <R1,R2,...,Rk>,  
Ri -  ᥣ ॣ஢, k>=0) 㫥 ॣ஢ Ri.
    믨 ७  ப NULL <>  NULL <AL,BX,SI>.

    11.16      SL RS,OP  (RS -  <R1,R2,...,Rk>, 
Ri - ॣ 饣 祭, k>0; OP - ᫮ SAVE  LOAD)   
⥪ ( OP=SAVE)  ⠭  ⥪ ( T=LOAD) ॣ஢ Ri.
    믨 ७  ப SL <AX,CX,DI>,LOAD.

    11.17     SUM X  (X -  <X1,X2,...,Xk>,  Xi -
  ⮢ ६, k>=0) ᫥ 㬬 X1+X2+...+Xk 
   ॣ BX.
    믨 ७  ப SUM <A,B,C>.

    11.18     MAX X  (X -  <X1,X2,...,Xk>,  Xi -
  ⮢ ६, k>0)  ᫥ ᨬ㬠 Xi  -
    ॣ AL.  ( ᮡ   ⪨,   
  ७.)
    믨 ७  ப MAX <A,B,A>.

    11.19  ।,   楤 P   ࠬ஢, -
  祭 । १ ॣ AX  BX.    
CALL_P X,Y   饭  ⮩ 楤,    ࠭
ॣ AX  BX     ४⭮ ࠡ,   ⢥ X
 Y  㪠 AX / BX.  (,    ॣ஢ 뢠
⮫쪮 訬 㪢.)
    믨 ७  ப:
   ) CALL_P Q,2   ) CALL_P AX,BX   ) CALL_P BX,5   ) CALL_P BX,AX

    11.20  믨   㪠 ம।  ७  
㪠 ப:
  ) MA MACRO K           ) MB MACRO K           ) MV MACRO K
        JMP M1                   MOV AH,K              A EQU K
        MOV AX,K                IFIDN <AH>,<2>          IFDIF <A>,<K>
   M&K: ADD AX,K                 ADD AH,K                ADD DX,A&K
       ENDM                     ENDIF                   ENDIF
     MA 1                       ENDM                    ENDM
                             MB 2                    MV 3

  ) MG MACRO K           ) MD MACRO K           ) ME MACRO K
        IFDIF <K+1>,<5>         IF K+1 EQ 6              MOV AH,0
         MOV AX,K              X DB '&K+1'              IRPC C,K-1
        ENDIF                   ENDIF                    ADD AH,'&C'
         MOV BX,K&K          Y&K DW K+1                 ENDM
        ENDM                    ENDM                    ENDM
     MG 4                     MD 5                   ME 6
    
    
            12.   .
ᨬ ࠭ 㫥. ࠭,   믮 ண-
ࠬ  ⥬ ணࠬ஢ MASM. 㫨:  , -
 , 譨  騥  (४⨢ EXTRN  PUBLIC), ᥣ஢-
 譨 ,   譨 . । ᥣ⮢  -
쭮 ணࠬ, ࠬ ४⨢ SEGMENT.
    
    
            13.  -. .
  -뢮  (IN, OUT). 뢠   ࠡ⪠  MS DOS. -
 INT  IRET.  㭪樨 -뢮    MS  DOS.  
ᯮ⥫ 権 -뢮 (INCH, OUTCH  ..).
